Abstract: Objective: To investigate the ability of grassroots doctor in preventing and controlling the chronic diseases in some rural areas.Methods: Three hundred and twenty grassroots doctors selected by the stratified cluster sampling method were investigated using the questionnaire survey and qualitative interviews.Results: The correct answer rate of the diagnostic criteria of high blood pressure was the highest in grassroots doctors,but 5.2% of grassroots doctors set the blood pressure more than 160/95 mmHg as the diagnostic criteria of hypertension,68.3% of grassroots doctors did not know the kinds of anti-hypertensive medications.The 48.2% of grassroots doctors set the fasting blood-glucose more than or equal to 7.8 mmol/L as the diagnostic criteria of diabetes,68.3% of grassroots doctors did not know the comprehensive treatment method of diabetes.The thin health consciousness of patient,heavy treatment light prevention of medical staff and insufficient input of government were the major problem in preventing and treating the chronic diseases.Conclusions: The sanitation responsibilities of government should be strengthened,the grassroots doctor ability in preventing and controlling the chronic diseases should be improved.