Abstract: Objective:To explore the relationship between social anxiety and rearing condition in senior pupils in rural area,and provide the scientific reference in developing the intervention measure.Methods:One thousand and twenty-six pupils(including 265 forth grade students,291 fifth grade students and 296 sixth grade students,455 boys and 397 girls,and 347 non-left-behind children and 505 left-behind children) in Bengbu and Suzhou were enrolled using the method of stratified cluster random sampling.The pupils were investigated by questionnaire,the content of which included rearing condition and social anxiety of pupils.Results:The differences of the total scores of social anxiety among the three grades in rural area pupils were not statistically significant(P>0.05),but the scores of two dimensions and fear of negative evaluation in fifth grade and sixth grade were higher than those in forth grade(P <0.01 and P <0.05),and the score of the social avoidance in forth grade was higher than that in sixth grade(P<0.05).The differences of the total score of social anxiety and two dimensions of different sex and left-behind type pupils were not statistically significant(P>0.05).The analysis of the relationship between social anxiety and rearing condition showed that the duration of going-out-for-working of father,visiting frequency of father,father's attitude to children's mistakes and mother's concern had certain effects on social anxiety level(P<0.05).Conclusions:Improving the rearing condition of children in rural area(increasing visiting frequency,improving father's attitude to children's mistakes and changing mother's care for their children's direction and way) can reduce the level of social anxiety of children to a certain degree.