Abstract: Objective: To analyze the serum of expectant mothers with positive syphilis antibody and their newborns and provide the basis for preventing neonatal syphilis. Methods: The serum of 131 expectant mothers with positive syphilis antibody and their newborns were detected by rapid plasma reagent RPR(test) and treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay (TPPA). The RPR titer of mothers and their newborns were compared. Results: Among 131 expectant mothers with positive syphilis antibody， the postive RPR titer in 88 cases and negative RPR titer in 43 cases were found. Among 131 newborns， the postive RPR titer in 48 cases and negative RPR titer in 83 cases were found. The correlation coefficient of RPR titer between the expectant mothers and their newborns was 0. 857，which was significantly positive correlation(P ＜ 0. 01). Conclusions: The positive rate of newborns' RPR titer rises with the increasing of RPR titer of expectant mothers with positive syphilis antibody. The detection of RPR combined with TPPA in expectant mothers with positive syphilis antibody and their newborns should be implemented.