北京市院前急救需求时空分布特征分析

申玉洁; 张永永; 孙涛; 耿聆; 邓贵芳; 赵敏; 童磊; 郭玉红; 陈辉

北京市院前急救需求时空分布特征分析

Analysis of spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of pre-hospital emergency demand in Beijing

摘要

摘要:
目的： 分析2018—2024年北京市院前急救需求的基本情况和时空分布特征，为优化急救资源配置提供科学依据。
方法： 基于北京急救中心2018—2024年院前急救数据，采用描述性统计和时空分析方法进行量化分析和规律探寻，探究急救任务的一般特征和在不同时间与空间的分布情况。
结果： 需求总量和呼叫满足率：2018—2024年北京市院前急救需求数量呈现先快速增长后小幅下降的总体趋势，呼叫满足率持续提升至100%。人口社会学特征差异：病人中男性占比53.06%～53.85%，女性占比46.15%～46.94%，与女性占比进行比较，男性显著高于女性，差异有统计学意义（P ＜ 0.01）；60岁以上病人占比53.15%～56.43%。急救任务类型和疾病分布流行病学特征：救治任务73.31%～79.16%，转院需求由2018年的14.57%逐年上升增长至2024年的18.53%。外伤或损伤性疾病始终是占比最大的呼救原因，心血管病或循环系统疾病均排序第二。时序分布特征：表现为“冬季高发、春节低谷”的季节性波动，工作日需求强度持续高于非工作日且差距逐渐拉大（二者日均出车比值从1.03升至1.11）。空间分布特征：朝阳区各年出车车次总量最高，西城区各年每万人出车量最大，城六区每万人出车车次的年均增长率显著高于非城六区（15.88% vs 12.90%），区域差异明显。
结论： 北京市院前急救需求受人口老龄化、作息规律及超大城市区域发展差异影响，呈现显著时空异质性，建议优化急救资源配置以提升急救响应效率、医疗服务公平与城市健康韧性。

Abstract:
Objective To analyze the basic characteristics and spatiotemporal distribution patterns of pre-hospital emergency medical services (EMS) demand in Beijing from 2018 to 2024, providing evidence for optimizing EMS resource allocation.
Methods Using pre-hospital EMS data from the Beijing Emergency Medical Center (2018–2024), descriptive statistics and spatiotemporal analysis were applied to quantify demand patterns and explore distribution features across time and space.
Results Total demand and call fulfillment rate: EMS demand showed rapid initial growth followed by a slight decline, with call fulfillment rates improving to 100%. Differences in demographic and sociological characteristics: Among the patients, males accounted for 53.06%–53.85%, while females accounted for 46.15%–46.94%. Compared to the proportion of females, the proportion of males was significantly higher, with a statistically significant difference (P ＜ 0.01). Patients aged 60 and above accounted for 53.15%–56.43%. Task types and epidemiological patterns: Treatment missions constituted 73.31%–79.16%, while inter-hospital transfers increased from 14.57% (2018) to 18.53% (2024). Trauma/injuries were the leading cause of EMS calls, followed by cardiovascular/circulatory diseases. Temporal patterns: Seasonal fluctuations exhibited "winter peaks and Spring Festival troughs," with significantly higher demand on workdays (workday/non-workday ratio increased from 1.03 to 1.11). Spatial distribution: Chaoyang District had the highest annual call volumes, while Xicheng District led in per-capita demand. The six urban districts showed markedly higher annual growth in per-capita EMS demand than non-urban districts (15.88% vs. 12.90%), indicating pronounced regional disparities.
Conclusions Pre-hospital EMS demand in Beijing demonstrates significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity, influenced by population aging, circadian rhythms, and megacity development imbalances. Optimizing resource allocation is recommended to enhance response efficiency, healthcare equity, and urban health resilience.

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