Abstract: Objective:To analyze the medical service for the rural left-behind children in the northern part of Anhui, and provide the countermeasures in the healthy growth and fair health service development of children.Methods:Four hundred and thirty-seven pupils of primary school from the northern part of Anhui province were investigated by questionnaire, 248 guardian and part of the grassroots medical workers were interviewed.Results:The prevalence rates in 4 weeks old left-behind children and non-left-behind children were 60.6% and 59.3%, respectively, the difference of which was not statistically significant(P>0.05).The untreatment rate in left-behind children after illness(9.5%) was higher than that in non-left-behind children(6.5%)(P<0.05).Among the reasons of untreatment, the economy reason in single parent left-behind children(14.6%) was higher than that in double parents non-left-behind children(P<0.01).The selecting the "unaccompanied" proportion in single and double parents left-behind children was higher than that in non-left-behind children(P<0.01).Logistic analysis showed that the only child, time of parents work outside, hospitalization insurance, education level of parents and family population affected the medical service use of the left-behind children.Conclusions:The difference of the medical service use between rural left-behind and non-left-behind children is little, the proportion of their medical behaviors after illness is relatively low, the health service for rural left-behind children should be strengthened.